Biomarkers by platform
This page provides description of our biomarkers including information on indications, optimal sample collection, volume requirements, sample matrix, recommended conditions for transportation and storage, and interpretation of values.*
Platform A
Short-chain fatty acids.
GC-MS/MS
Vol.: 50 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L
Platform B
TCA metabolites and intermediates.
Amino and carboxylic acids.
GC-MS/MS
Vol.: 50 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L
- 2-Aminoadipic acid
- 2-Hydroxybutyrate
- 3-Hydroxybutyrate
- 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate
- Acetoacetate
- Carboxyethyllysine
- Carboxymethyllysine
- Citrate
- Cystathionine
- Fumarate
- Glycine
- Histidine
- Isocitrate
- Kynurenines
- Lactate
- Malate
- Methionine
- Methylmalonic acid
- Ornithine
- Other amino acids: aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), lysine (Lys), alanine acid (Ala), phenylalanine (Phe), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), proline (Pro), valine (Val), asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr).
- Phenylacetylglutamine
- Pyruvate
- Sarcosine
- Serine
- Total cysteine
- Total homocysteine
- Tryptophan
- α-Hydroxyglutaric acid
- α-Ketoglutarate
- β–AlanineÂ
- β-Aminoisobutyrate
Platform C
Charged, methylated or sulfur amino acids.
LC-MS/MS
Vol.: 35 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L
- 1-Methylhistidine
- 3-Methylhistidine
- Arginine
- Asymmetric dimethylarginine
- Betaine
- Carnitine
- Carnitine, total
- Choline
- Citrulline
- Creatine
- Creatinine
- Dimethylglycine
- Histidine
- Homoarginine
- Methionine
- Methionine sulfoxide
- Symmetric dimethylarginine
- Total cysteine
- Total homocysteine
- Trimethylamine N-oxide
- Trimethyllysine
- Derived index: HCC
Platform D
Kynurenine pathway and B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6).
LC-MS/MS
Vol.: 60 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L or nmol/L
- 4-Pyridoxic acid
- Cotinine
- Cystathionine
- Flavin mononucleotide
- Imidazole propionate
- Kynurenines
- Microbiota-derived indoles
- N1-methylnicotinamide
- Neopterin
- Nicotinamide
- Nicotinic acid
- Pyridoxal
- Pyridoxal 5-phosphate
- Pyridoxine
- Riboflavin
- Thiamine
- Thiamine monophosphate
- Trans-3-hydroxycotinine
- Trigonelline
- Trimethylamine N-oxide
- Tryptophan
- Derived indexes:
HK:XA ratio
HKr
Kyn/Trp ratio (KTR)
PAr
Platform F
Folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12).
Microbiological assay
Vol.: 15-35 µL
Concentrations in nmol/L or pmol/L
Platform G
Protein biomarkers and proteoforms.
MALDI-TOF MS
Vol.: 30 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L
Platform H
Lipid-soluble vitamins.
LC-MS/MS
Vol.: 50-100 µL
Concentrations in µmol/L or nmol/L
Platform I
Short-, medium- and and long-chain acylcarnitines.
LC (HILIC)-MS/MS
Concentrations in µmol/L
- BB Butyrobetaine
- C0 Carnitine
- C2 Acetylcarnitine
- C3 Propionylcarnitine
- C3-DC Malonylcarnitine
- C4 Butyrylcarnitine
- C4-OH Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine
- C4-DC Succinylcarnitine
- iC5 Isovalerylcarnitine
- C5-DC Glutarylcarnitine
- C5:1 Tiglylcarnitine
- C6 Hexanoylcarnitine
- C8 Octanoylcarnitine
- C10 Decanoylcarnitine
- C12 Dodecanoylcarnitine
- C14 Tetradecanoylcarnitine
- C14-OH Hydroxytetradecanoylcarnitine
- C16 Hexadecanoylcarnitine
- C16-OH Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
- C18 Octadecanoylcarnitine
- C18-OH Hydroxyoctadecanoylcarnitine
- C18:1 Octadecenoylcarnitine
- C18:2 Octadecadienylcarnitine
* Reported values are not strictly normal reference range, which depends on the population, and several factors, including age, gender, ethnicity and procedures for sample handling and analytical technology. Reported values are concentrations that we and others have observed or reported in various cohorts of healthy subjects.