Free amino acids in plasma have been associated with risk of cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and low levels are observed in frail, elderly persons (2). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA; Leu, Ile and Val) are associated with insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, cardiovascular disease and early kidney disease (2, 3), and the valine catabolites, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB) is belived to play a key role in the development of insulin resistance (3).
Patient/subject: Prandial status affects concentration, which increases slightly after a protein rich meal.
Matrix: Serum or EDTA plasma.
Volume: Minimum volume is 50 µL, but 200 µL is optimal and allows reanalysis.
Preparation and stability: Most amino acids are stable.
Frozen, on dry ice. (for general instruction on transportation, click here)
Reported values: Orn: 30-90 µmol/L; Asp: 0-26 µmol/L; Glu: 20-140 µmol/L; Lys: 120-290 µmol/L; Ala: 230-510 µmol/L; Phe: 26-85 µmol/L; Ile: 40-140 µmol/L; Leu: 70-170 µmol/L; Pro: 110-360 µmol/L; Val: 150-350 µmol/L; Asn: 20-130 µmol/L; Gln: 390-700 µmol/L; Thr: 70-240 µmol/L; Tyr: 40-110 µmol/L.
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): na.
1. Midttun, Ø., McCann, A., Aarseth, O., Krokeide, M., Kvalheim, G., Meyer, K., and Ueland, P.M. (2016). Combined measurement of 6 fat-soluble vitamins and 26 water-soluble functional vitamin markers and amino acids in 50 μL of serum or plasma by high-throughput mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 88, 10427-436.
2. Nagao, K., & Kimura, T. (2020). Use of plasma-free amino acids as biomarkers for detecting and predicting disease risk. Nutr Rev, 78(12 Suppl 2), 79-85.
3. De Bandt, J. P., Coumoul, X., & Barouki, R. (2022). Branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance, from protein supply to diet-Induced obesity. Nutrients, 15(1).
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Amino acids: Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Kynurenine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Sarcosine, Serine, Threonine, Total cysteine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine
Amino acid catabolites: 2-Aminoadipic acid, 2-Hydroxybutyrate, 3-Hydroxysiobutyrate, α-Hydroxyglutaric acid, β-Alanine, β-Aminoisobutyrate, β-Hydroxy B-methylbutyric acid, Phenylacetylglutamine
Acylcarnities: BB, C0, C2, C3, C3-DC, C4, C4-OH, C4-DC, iC5, C5-DC, C5:1, C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C14-OH, C16, C16-OH, C18, C18-OH, C18:1, C18:2
TCA metabolites: α-Ketoglutarate, Citrate, Fumarate, Isocitrate, Lactate, Malate, Pyruvate
Ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, 3-Hydroxybutyrate
AGEs: Carboxyethyllysine, Carboxymethyllysine
Kynurenines: 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Anthranilic acid, Kynurenine, Kynurenic acid, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, Picolinic acid, Quinaldic acid, Quinolinic acid, Xanthurenic acid
Neopterin
Proteins: C-Reactive protein, Calprotectin, Serum Amyloid A
Ratio-derived: Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, PAr index (PLP, PL, PA)
SCFAs: Acetate, Butyrate, Formate, Isobutyrate, Isovalerate, Propionate, Valerate, α-Methylbutyrate
Indoles: 3-Indoxyl sulfate, Imidazole propionate, Indole-3-acetamide, Indole-3-acetate, Indole-3-aldehyde, Indole-3-lactate, Indole-3-propionate
Choline metabolites: Choline, Betaine, DMG, TMAO
Amino acid derived: Phenylacetylglutamine
B-vitamins, functional markers, and methyl donors: 4-Pyridoxic acid, Betaine, Choline, Cobalamin, Flavin mononucleotide, Folate, Methylmalonic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic acid, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamine, Thiamine monophosphate, Total homocysteine
Fat-soluble vitamins: 25-hydroxy vitamin D2, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, α-Tocopherol (Vit. E), All-trans retinol (Vit. A), Phylloquinone (Vit. K1), y-Tocopherol (Vit. E)
Essential amino acids: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
Meat and fish intake: 1-Methylhistidine, 3-Methylhistidine, B-Alanine, Creatine, Creatinine, TMAO
Tobacco use and coffee intake: Cotinine, Trans-3-hydroxycotinine, Trigonelline
Turnaround time
2-6 weeks, depending on number of samples and laboratory capacity.
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