BEVITAL AS

Targeted Metabolomics Services

Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites

indole-met
Menu
Back
Updated 21/12/2022

What is measured?

3-Indoxyl sulfate (3IS), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-acetate (IAA), indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), indole-3-lactate (ILA) and indole-3-propionate (IPA).
Method(s): LC-MS/MS (1).

Tryptophan metabolites of the indole pathway

About 5 % of tryptophan is catabolized by the gut microbome, generating so-called microbiome-derived tryptophan metabolites, which include indole (IND), 3-indoxyl sulfate (3IS), and indole derivatives, such as indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-acetate (IAA), indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), indole-3-acrylate (IacA) and indole-3-propionate (IPA).
Microbiome-derived tryptophan metabolites have diverse biological roles affecting health (Figure 1). Some are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) thereby modulating the immune response, others have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier, increase secretion of gut hormones and stimulate intestinal motility. Indoles are generally thought to mediate beneficial health effects, with the exception of 3IS, a host-microbial co-metabolite generated from indole in the liver; 3IS is toxic at high concentrations and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction. 3IS is considered as uremic toxin, which is highly (90 %) bound to albumin, and therefore accumulates despite regular hemodialysis (2).

Indication(s)

Profiling of microbiota-derived metabolites.

Specimen, collection and processing

Volume: Minimum volume is 60 µL, but 200 µL is optimal and allows reanalysis.
Preparation and stability: Samples should be put on ice immediately after collection and stored at -80 °C.

Transportation

Frozen, on dry ice. (for general instruction on transportation, click here)

Reported values, interpretation

Reported values: 3IS: 0.9-30 µmol/L; IAM: 0-10 nmol/L; IAA: 0.3-23 µmol/L; IAld: 10-200 nmol/L; ILA: 0.08-5 µmol/L; IPA: 0.5-12 µmol/L.
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): na.

Literature

1. Midttun, O., Hustad, S., and Ueland, P.M. (2009). Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Sp 23, 1371-79.
2. Roager, H. M., & Licht, T. R. (2018). Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat Commun, 9, 3294.

Scroll to Top
Cardiometabolic
Inflammation
Microbiome
Nutrition
Categories

Amino acids, amino acid catabolites, acylcarnitines, TCA metabolites, ketone bodies, AGEs



Kynurenines, ratio-derived metabolites, proteins





SCFAs, indoles, choline metabolites, amino acid derived





B-vitamins, functional markers, and methyl donors, fat-soluble vitamins, essential amino acids, meat & fish intake, tobacco use & coffee intake
Biomarkers (n)
65
19
20
41
View

Amino acids: Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Kynurenine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Sarcosine, Serine, Threonine, Total cysteine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine

Amino acid catabolites: 2-Aminoadipic acid, 2-Hydroxybutyrate, 3-Hydroxysiobutyrate, α-Hydroxyglutaric acid, β-Alanine, β-Aminoisobutyrate, β-Hydroxy B-methylbutyric acid, Phenylacetylglutamine

Acylcarnities: BB, C0, C2, C3, C3-DC, C4, C4-OH, C4-DC, iC5, C5-DC, C5:1, C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C14-OH, C16, C16-OH, C18, C18-OH, C18:1, C18:2

TCA metabolites: α-Ketoglutarate, Citrate, Fumarate, Isocitrate, Lactate, Malate, Pyruvate

Ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, 3-Hydroxybutyrate

AGEs: Carboxyethyllysine, Carboxymethyllysine

View

Kynurenines: 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Anthranilic acid, Kynurenine, Kynurenic acid, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, Picolinic acid, Quinaldic acid, Quinolinic acid, Xanthurenic acid

Neopterin

Proteins: C-Reactive protein, Calprotectin, Serum Amyloid A

Ratio-derived: Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, PAr index (PLP, PL, PA)

View

SCFAs: Acetate, Butyrate, Formate, Isobutyrate, Isovalerate, Propionate, Valerate, α-Methylbutyrate

Indoles: 3-Indoxyl sulfate, Imidazole propionate, Indole-3-acetamide, Indole-3-acetate, Indole-3-aldehyde, Indole-3-lactate, Indole-3-propionate

Choline metabolites: Choline, Betaine, DMG, TMAO

Amino acid derived: Phenylacetylglutamine

View

B-vitamins, functional markers, and methyl donors: 4-Pyridoxic acid, Betaine, Choline, Cobalamin, Flavin mononucleotide, Folate, Methylmalonic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic acid, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamine, Thiamine monophosphate, Total homocysteine

Fat-soluble vitamins: 25-hydroxy vitamin D2, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, α-Tocopherol (Vit. E), All-trans retinol (Vit. A), Phylloquinone (Vit. K1), y-Tocopherol (Vit. E)

Essential amino acids: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

Meat and fish intake: 1-Methylhistidine, 3-Methylhistidine, B-Alanine, Creatine, Creatinine, TMAO

Tobacco use and coffee intake: Cotinine, Trans-3-hydroxycotinine, Trigonelline

Volume (μl)
200
150
250
300
Analytical techniques
GC- and LC-MS/MS
LC- and MALDI-MS
GC- and LC-MS/MS
GC- and LC-MS/MS

Turnaround time

2-6 weeks, depending on number of samples and laboratory capacity.
Please contact us for a projected time estimate specific to your project.

Learn more
Learn more
Learn more
Learn more

Olink Proteomics

Please fill out the fields below (*required).
We will respond to you as soon as possible.
Thank you for reaching out to Bevital!

Customized analyses

Please fill out the fields below (*required).
We will reply to you soon for a detailed project discussion.
Thank you for reaching out to Bevital!

Mix-and-Match

Please fill out the fields below (*required).
Mobile phone users should rotate their screen.
We will respond to you as soon as possible.
Thank you for reaching out to Bevital!

Ready-to-Run

Please fill out the fields below (*required).
We will respond as soon as possible.
Thank you for reaching out to Bevital!

Thanks for joining!

Get updates about new method developments, publications and comming events.

Ulvik et al.