Imidazole propionate (ImP) is a histidine metabolite formed by microbiota. Blood ImP levels are positively associated with a dysbiotic microbiome (Bacteroides 2 enterotype and reduced gene richness), induced by an unhealthy diet, and elevated circulating ImP is linked to gut inflammation and cardiovascular disease. ImP is increased in pre- and type 2 diabetes and is associated with markers of impaired glucose status, independent of diabetes status (2). Mechanistic studies indicate that ImP impairs insulin signalling at the level of Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) through activation of the P38gamma/p62/mTORC1 pathway (3).
Assessment of diabetes risk, and profiling of microbiota-derived metabolites.
Matrix: Serum, EDTA plasma and urine
Volume: Minimum volume is 60 µL, but 200 µL is optimal and allows reanalysis.
Preparation and stability: Probably stable.
Frozen, on dry ice. (for general instruction on transportation, click here)
Reported values: 3-500 nmol/L
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): na.
1. Midttun, O., Hustad, S., and Ueland, P.M. (2009). Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Sp 23, 1371-79.
2. Molinaro, A., Bel Lassen, P., Henricsson, M., Wu, H., Adriouch, S., Belda, E., Chakaroun, R., Nielsen, T., Bergh, P. O., Rouault, C., André, S., Marquet, F., Andreelli, F., Salem, J. E., Assmann, K., Bastard, J. P., Forslund, S., Le Chatelier, E., Falony, G., . . . Bäckhed, F. (2020). Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology. Nat Commun, 11, 5881.
3. Koh, A., Molinaro, A., Ståhlman, M., Khan, M. T., Schmidt, C., Mannerås-Holm, L., Wu, H., Carreras, A., Jeong, H., Olofsson, L. E., Bergh, P. O., Gerdes, V., Hartstra, A., de Brauw, M., Perkins, R., Nieuwdorp, M., Bergström, G., & Bäckhed, F. (2018). Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1. Cell, 175, 947-961.
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Amino acids: Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Kynurenine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Sarcosine, Serine, Threonine, Total cysteine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine
Amino acid catabolites: 2-Aminoadipic acid, 2-Hydroxybutyrate, 3-Hydroxysiobutyrate, α-Hydroxyglutaric acid, β-Alanine, β-Aminoisobutyrate, β-Hydroxy B-methylbutyric acid, Phenylacetylglutamine
Acylcarnities: BB, C0, C2, C3, C3-DC, C4, C4-OH, C4-DC, iC5, C5-DC, C5:1, C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C14-OH, C16, C16-OH, C18, C18-OH, C18:1, C18:2
TCA metabolites: α-Ketoglutarate, Citrate, Fumarate, Isocitrate, Lactate, Malate, Pyruvate
Ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, 3-Hydroxybutyrate
AGEs: Carboxyethyllysine, Carboxymethyllysine
Kynurenines: 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Anthranilic acid, Kynurenine, Kynurenic acid, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, Picolinic acid, Quinaldic acid, Quinolinic acid, Xanthurenic acid
Neopterin
Proteins: C-Reactive protein, Calprotectin, Serum Amyloid A
Ratio-derived: Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, PAr index (PLP, PL, PA)
SCFAs: Acetate, Butyrate, Formate, Isobutyrate, Isovalerate, Propionate, Valerate, α-Methylbutyrate
Indoles: 3-Indoxyl sulfate, Imidazole propionate, Indole-3-acetamide, Indole-3-acetate, Indole-3-aldehyde, Indole-3-lactate, Indole-3-propionate
Choline metabolites: Choline, Betaine, DMG, TMAO
Amino acid derived: Phenylacetylglutamine
B-vitamins, functional markers, and methyl donors: 4-Pyridoxic acid, Betaine, Choline, Cobalamin, Flavin mononucleotide, Folate, Methylmalonic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic acid, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamine, Thiamine monophosphate, Total homocysteine
Fat-soluble vitamins: 25-hydroxy vitamin D2, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, α-Tocopherol (Vit. E), All-trans retinol (Vit. A), Phylloquinone (Vit. K1), y-Tocopherol (Vit. E)
Essential amino acids: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
Meat and fish intake: 1-Methylhistidine, 3-Methylhistidine, B-Alanine, Creatine, Creatinine, TMAO
Tobacco use and coffee intake: Cotinine, Trans-3-hydroxycotinine, Trigonelline
Turnaround time
2-6 weeks, depending on number of samples and laboratory capacity.
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